Sustainability and visual arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability and visual arts - Essay subjectThe paper tells that nature has had a long history of influencing art, one that has extended from the masters bringing their palettes into their gardens to the contemporaneous earthworks of Andy Goldsworthy and others. However, in order for art to continue to be influenced by nature there must be nature to be influenced by. In a society where the population and urban landscapes are every burgeoning, Susan Leibovitz Steinman creates saucy landscapes out of urban devastation to promote sustainability and environmental education. Unlike other artificer, who work in situations that finish be difficult for the average viewer to experience firsthand, Steinman works in the heart of cities. In Mandela Artscape, Steinman liter in ally worked in the middle of the street, at the crossroads of industry and ecology. This project involved regrouping West Oakland familiarity members to regain a part of their town that had been undone by an eart hquake in 1989, by turning the site into a creative, interactive, and environmentally friendly work of art. Steinman is not the first to transform the horrors ofa natural disaster into a reclamation project. In 1964, the Great Good Friday quake, the second largest recorded earthquake at that time with a magnitude of 9.2 on the Richter Scale, struck anchorage ground, Alaska. One-hundred-and-thirty-one people perished, towns were buried, and tsunamis tore across the area. The only possible positive egress of such a terrible natural catastrophe is the proactive and innovative reaction of the survivors. (US Geological Survey, 2004). The Anchorage Earthquake Park (figure 2) is the result of one particular reaction. The goal of this park was to reclaim a destroyed area and to educate people about the earthquake. There are bike paths, cross-country ski trails, cracking tables, and most importantly, information panels. In 1973, Smithson congratulated the people who reclaimed the Anchorag e site through the creation of a park, stating that this action was an interesting way of dealing with the unexpected, and incorporating that into the community(Smithson in Holt 1979 192). Figure 2 The Anchorage Earthquake Park (Source http//www.igougo.com/journal-j34852-Anchorage-The_Seward_Highway_Americas_Most_Scenic_Byway.html) The significance of Steinmans work, and that which distinguishes Mandela Artscape from the Anchorage Earthquake Park, is the interactive nature of the creative process, as people from the community were involved in every aspect of the project. It is also this element of engagement with the public that differentiates Steinmans work from others. Promoting Sustainability Steinman is circumstantial of Western capitalist society. She is involved in many groups that have emerged as a response to the chore that the consumerist ideology presents. The Women Environmental Artists Directory (WEAD), for example, is an artist-produced, non-profit, national and inter national organization that Steinman and Jo Hanson founded in 1996. The WEAD lists over two hundred artists, all of whom adopt an activist approach to raising environmental awareness through art. Themes involve site, community and habitat specificity, an educational agenda, public participation, and works that are often temporary - many ideas that overlap with the new writing style public art ideology (Hanson and Steinman, 2012). Steinman is also involved with a group called eco art network Similarly, the authorisation of this group is to create ecological works of art that promote sustainability and environmental education (Ecoartnetwork.org, 2012). Consumerism is a rudimentary concern for artists involved in environmental art, sometimes referred to as ecoart. As stated by artist Ruth Wallen, much ecoart is motivated by a recognition that current patterns

Chesapeake and New England Colonies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chesapeake and pertly England Colonies - Term Paper ExampleChesapeake and new-made England ColoniesEarly keepstyles of native Chesapeake inhabitants were affected by both geography and climate while social structure was imbalanced, especially that they had a shorter life expectancy. When Chesapeake became a British colony, on that point was no difference in terms of population growth. If it did, then it would be a lower life expectancy rate than those who were native settlers. The immigrants life span was lowered to five years comp bed to that of the immigrants settling in Northern colonies. This is attributed to the immigrants lack of immunity of the places diseases such as malaria (Foner 16). Family life is well instilled in the early Chesapeake community. Children be trained to handle the family at an early age because p bents die young. It is said that when a child turns 5, on that point is a 50 percent chance of losing a p arent, or both parents (J. Volo and D. Volo). The y were taught how to deal with familial province such as taking care of their br others and sisters and doing household chores. Their strong attachment to nature also influenced the natives tenet system. As expected, they believe in supernatural and complex gods of nature. They attribute the weather, their harvest, and other natural events in superior general as the gods reaction to their doings (Mountford). For example, if there is a storm, they would assume that the gods are not pleased with what they are doing. Another region in the compound America is the unused England colonies. While Chesapeakes settlers had been living in the place ages before the formation of New England Colonies, the latter has a greater number of populations probably because they defecate more land area than the other or active economic ventures of the place. New England colonies include Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Islands, and Connecticut. New England colonies were more improv ed compared to the Chesapeake region. They make use of land and aquatic agriculture and sell its products to other people. In the farming area however, they are not as blessed as Chesapeake of having fertile soil. Farmers are able to plant only one kind of crop because the climate is cold and the soil freezes at certain points of the year. When this time of the year comes, they would shift their means of living to fishing. Being near the Atlantic is discriminatory for the peoples sustenance because of abundant fish supply. Women are even part of the active economic cycle as merchants, selling home made goods such as soaps, candles and garments (The New England). The religious activities of the people in the New England Colonies are very formal and institutionalized. Unlike in Chesapeake, religious institutions such as the Quaker, Puritan, Baptist, Anglican, Jewish, Catholic, and Congregationalist were informant to grow, influencing much of the social norms in that society (Life in the 13 Colonies). Like the Chesapeake family life, families in colonial New England are tight-knit and interdependent to each other. Parents follow a traditional child-rearing strategy, which was to give collective punishment for children who disobey. Children are also expected to have unquestioned obedience to their parents (Wright n.pag.). The Chesapeake community and the New England colonies are different in various ways especially in religion, population, and economy. With the description of their

Falconry in Qatar Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Falconry in Qatar Event - Essay ExampleFrom this study it is clear that until the term 2030 growth in both the public and private areas will be based on the undermenti unmatchabled four principles Human growth the growth and marketing of education among all to make a reparable and flourishing community. Public growth the growth is just to look after community and able to puzzle out a key role in developing international relationships. Financial growth the growth is vary economic base to secure and sustain a game quality of life in the future. ecological growth to keep things in balance between economic and social growth and ways is reason the environment.This paper outlines that we have selected the common information of Qatar and the planning of the development of Qatar as our Event Management go through topic. From the numerous topics, we have selected Qatar past and present is because this topic seems to be very exciting to us and has our interest. Qatar is one of the developed country and most well-known for their tourists fascination. By 2030, Qatar is created to be a high level community able of maintaining its progress and giving a high quality of life for the nation. We regarded this pendent as ideal for us with possibilities to demonstrate our skills, creativeness and performance. The primary aim of this project is to get the supposed and practical awareness about the development of the country in different region and to acquire the familiarity about development of different region of Qatar and its plan for the 2030 vision.

Business and Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Sustainable Development - Essay ExampleThus, both government and demarcation are faced with huge challenges of issues related to temper change and global warming across the globe. ever-changing climate and global warming Climate change broadly refers to drastic change in hold up conditions that adversely impact the living conditions across the globe. The recent changes observed in the global climate cod become a huge concern for the environmentalists. The cobblers last few years sop up seen long and stifling summers in Australia and Europe. The rising of sea levels at alarming rate due to melting of Antarctica and arctic oceans and climate related disasters are few of the repercussions of using natural resources with little or no sense of responsibility. Pielke et al (2003) assert that climate change that causes extreme stick out conditions and natural calamities is much greater in regions having scant(p) infrastructure, huge populations and so forth In the recen t times, the huge damage to the coral reefs and their gradual decline has been a great concern to the scientists. Wilkinson (2002) claims that about 30% of coral reefs are already seriously damaged and shutting to 60% may be lost by 2030. This is highly distressing because coral reefs are major facilitator of eco governing body services to the clement societies. They contribute through industries like fisheries, coastal protection, building materials, new biochemical compounds, and touristry (Hoegh-Guldberg, et al, 2007). Thus, threat to their existence would not only guide adverse impact on environment star to climate change but would also have long term repercussions on the survival of human societies. Drivers of climate change Dyson (2005) says that economic development is correlated to the fossil energy coal, oil and natural gas. The industrial revolution has been a catalyst to the exploitation of natural resources like coal, wood and other types of natural resources. Th e technical advancements and globalization has further accelerated the misuse of the same. The conservation and preservation of natural resources become vital furcate of survival because they are important part of population dynamics as its sustenance depends on the getable resources. Indeed, human threats to the environment incorporate significant factors that are intrinsic part of development process. Social scientists have contested that various drivers of climate change contribute towards sustenance of life forces and determine the characteristics of natural and managed system comprising of cryosphere, hydrology and water resources, marine and freshwater biological systems, terrestrial biological systems, agriculture and forestry etc. (Parmesan and Yohe, 2003 Thomas et al., 2004). Managed system broadly refers to systems that are dominated by considerable human input like agriculture, fisheries, health etc. Another important fact is that an unprecedented increase in populatio n growth in the last quarter has introduced new challenges in its wake. While it has put great burden on the land resources, approachability of the other natural resources like clean drinking water and fresh air have also been adversely impacted. Carbon emissions, green house effects etc. are also key factors that have direct impact on climate change leading to global warming and erratic weather schedule. Management

Business Ethical Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

caper Ethical Issues - Assignment ExampleHowever, this massive network of suppliers also posed certain problems.IKEA hogged the limelight, albeit for slander reasons, when a Swedish television documentary revealed that the companys rug suppliers based in southwestward Asian countries employed tikeren at their looms (factories). Many boorren worked as bonded labor to pay off their parents debt. Estimates revealed that close to 2, 00,000 children were employed in the carpet industry in India.In 1995, IKEA was apprised by a German documentary maker that a film had been made which provided evidence of deployment of child labor at Rangan Exports, peerless of IKEAs biggest suppliers in India. Unlike the Swedish television documentary which talked of prevalence of child labor in the industry, the German documentary pointed the finger directly at IKEA and its Indian supplier.India was not a signatory to blueprint 138 adopted by International Labor Organization (ILO). Countries that r atified the convention were committed to abolition of child labor. Bonded labor was prohibited in India under the provisions of Pledging of Labor Act, 1933. The government machinery was however weak and the prevalence of child labor was widespread in the country. The Indian government had also enacted the Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976 alone gained little success in eradicating the problem of child labor.The Indian government treated unbounded child labor as a socio-economic phenomenon. Many regarded children working along with their parents as a source of income for the family.

Ethical Issues of British Petroleum Oil Spill Term Paper

Ethical Issues of British Petroleum Oil Spill - Term Paper ExampleIts exploration and Productions activities falls under three key areas. The first is upriver activities which include vegetable oil colour and natural vaunt exploration, field development and production. The second is Midstream activities which include pipeline, dit and processing activities related to its upstream activities (BP PLC (BP), 2011). The third is marketing and trading activities which include the marketing and trading of natural gas, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), together with power and natural gas liquids (NGLs) (BP PLC (BP), 2011). Refining and Marketing activities include the supply and trading, refining, manufacturing, marketing and transportation of crude oil, petroleum and petrochemicals products (BPPLCBP), 2011). History The history of the company starts in 1908 when oil found in a rugged part of Persia after a long and difficult search. It was Mr DArcy who financed the oil exploration . Mr Reynolds was the explorer. The discovery was receivable to the patience of Reynolds. By the early morning of 26 May 1908, the drill reached 1,180 feet and a fountain of oil spewed out into the dawn sky ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Within one year, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which would one sidereal day become BP, was in business ( BP at a Glance, 2010). ... After the war, the nationalists throughout the nerve East angrily questioned Western companies right to profit from Middle Eastern resources ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Anti-British sentiment also increased. The parallelism between the former Shah of Persia and William DArcy expired in 1954, and the director board changed the companys piddle to The British Petroleum Company ( BP at a Glance, 2010). Later unexpected changes took place in the Middle East. Ghaddafi and other Middle Eastern countries declared that they will nationalise energy companies in ten years. So, by 1983, BPs oil supply from Middle East was reduced from 80% to meagre 10%. luckily BP had discovered major oil fields in other parts of the world, including Prudhoe Bay in Alaska and the mid-forties field off the coast of Scotland ( BP at a Glance, 2010). In 1987 BP bought Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) incorporating it into a raw national business, BP America. That same year the British government sold the last of the shares it held in BP ( BP at a Glance, 2010). With major, long-term projects in Russia, the Gulf of Mexico, North America, Azerbaijan, Indonesia and elsewhere, BP had a lot of oil and gas (BP at a Glance, 2010). Mission The mission of BP is to help the world meet the growing demand for heat, light and transportation. This is achieved by determination efficient and cleaner ways to produce energy thats affordable and safe. To meet that goal, BP is progressive, responsible, innovative and surgery driven (Our culture and values , 2011) Ethics Background The BP has a code of conduct. The company says that it is part of the et hical motive program and is supported by the directors and senior

Sustainable Design in Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

sustainable Design in Tourism - Essay ExampleIt is only recently that there has been a maturement recognition of the importance of combining the needs of traditional urban management (transportation, land use planning, marketing, scotch development, fire, and safety etc.) with the need to plan for tourism. Sustainable design includes structures, which need fewer materials, and resources to construct and maintain atomic number 18 relatively more healthy and comfortable to work and live in. it does not mean a parvenue building style rather it is a revolution in how people think about design, build, and scarper buildings. One of the main aims of sustainable design is to reduce the harm caused by poorly designed buildings by combining the best of old building approaches with the new technological advances. Sustainable tourism is an industry which attempts to ramp up a low impact on the environment and local culture while helping to breed income, employment, and the conservation o f local ecosystems. It is responsible tourism which is both ecologically and culturally sensitive. Constructions have huge impacts on the environment. In industrialized countries, carbon dioxide emissions from the looks form the half of total national carbon emissions and construction run out account for 35-40 percent of national annual waste output. The 60s of the twentieth century witnessed the construction of several hundred uncomfortable and uneconomical resorts which required most expensive devices of refrigeration and heating. Though young construction is much more energy and resources efficient than the buildings in the 60s, they are still far from sustainable and eco-friendly. It is a fact that many resorts continue to be designed with smaller regards for improved comfort, climate, or reduction of energy, water, and waste during construction and occupation.

Diversity and Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

assortment and Organizations - search Paper ExampleAlthough the articles vary in their approach towards managing diversity, almost all of them cite this as cosmos a complex process that can lots prove to be ineffective if not put to death correctly. It also opens opportunity for further research specially pertaining to otherwise dimensions of diversity such as age, subject atomic number 18a origin and dis competency. Keywords diversity, gender, racial, diversity management Diversity Management and Perspectives towards Diversity The case of scat and gender Diversity is almost always defined in narrow terms, thus, ignoring its all-encompassing nature. It is important to note that there are six dimensions of diversity namely age, disability, gender, race, sexual orientation and national origin (Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, & Jung, 2009). The concept of racial and heathenish stereotyping rests on the fact that human beings make judgments about others on the basis of sup erficial characteristics such as race and gender. The resulting group membership then reinforces the similarities and differences between individuals which leads to the creation of distinctions based on in-group and out-group characteristics. Such judgments often result in negative consequences for minority members or out-group members in the workplace. This may take the form of neglect of mentorship provided to such individuals, poor performance evaluation, careers that are stalled and lack of involvement at work (Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, & Jung, 2009). On the other hand, however, is the view that stems from the value in diversity perspective that states that diversity pertaining to race and ethnicity often results in check understanding of different cultures along with more information, enhanced ability to solve problems, higher creativity and decision-making ability along with constructive conflict that helps such work teams to improve their outcomes (Shore, Chung-H errera, Dean, Ehrhart, & Jung, 2009). Proponents of this perspective assert that diversity pays and enables the attach to to better understand the needs of its customers and enhance the fictitious character of products and services offered by the organization. It is by virtue of this ending that organisations prefer having a diverse workforce that enhances income and profits. Nevertheless, researchers has suggested otherwise by arguing that diversity in race and ethnicity leads to negative outcomes. These skeptics argue that process loss results from diversity because incorporating diversity imposes substantial costs on the firm. Having a different gender or color from the majority is essentially a source of conflict that is randy in nature (Herring, 2009). This ultimately tends to reduce cohesiveness and harmony in the team which ultimately increases absenteeism and turnover. Furthermore, it is believed that quality of products that the organization offers declines because of j obs being taken up by workers who are unqualified and are granted the posture only by virtue of accommodating the minority group (Herring, 2009). A similar approach is notice as far as gender diversity is concerned where possessing a gender different from that possess by the majority is concerned conducive to discrimination and prejudice such as low wages and glass ceiling in the case of females. This has substance since the gender and racial gap in organisations is

Vocal Folds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vocal Folds - Essay ExampleWith their corresponding properties, Hirano classifies the layers of the vocal bendings into five minute layers (as cited in Altman, n.d.). The satellite protective layer is the squamos epithelium, which is responsible for sustaining the form of the vocal fold and its hydration. The next layer is the superficial lamina propia (SLP) which is serene of loose fibrous and elastic components that possess mechanical properties due to its cushion-like assets. The intermediate lamina propia (ILP) on the other hand, is principally composed of elastic fibers, which therefore adds to the elasticity of the vocal folds. Then there is the deep lamina propia (DLP), the vocal fold layer that consists of collagenous fibers that is responsible for the durability of the vocal fold. The fifth layer is the vocalis muscleman. It as a muscle and therefore has active (contractile) properties that helps in controlling the stiffness of the vocal folds when it is vibrating, cont racting or at rest. These layers variegate in terms of stiffness and therefore were grouped further accordingly. The cover layer or mucous membrane is composed of epithelium and SLP, while the vocal ligament is composed of the ILP and DLP.

Explain how inflation targeting operates in the UK and Critically Essay

rationalise how largeness targeting operates in the UK and Critic exclusivelyy evaluate the benefits of pomposity targeting - Essay ExampleInflation is alone to the highest degree price stability and it has been agreed by the economist that a rate of between (0-3) percent is the unspoilt enough rate fro the economic system. With stable prices at that rate, consumer confidence is raised hence propelling the economy, if the consumer confidence is lower, wherefore the economy will be stuck (Ben 2003). Inflation can only be made success by central banks making price stability its primary objective through strong institutional trueness to attaining that. United Kingdom was not the first country to introduce the inflation instead there atomic number 18 countries like Canada which did it ahead of them. Many countries over time sop up followed suit to introduce the inflation targeting within their economies with many others looking for technical assistance to help them introduce it (Richard 2005). Japan is one of the few who generate not adopted it yet because of its swell up developed economy with rather stable inflation rate. UK inflation is therefore currently more stable in comparison with the past performance. UK quit ERM in 1992 callable to rising tension between having to follow a tight policy framework in aver to maintain existing exchange rate and the other option of having to cut the domestic downfall by taking down interest rates it (Richard 2005). ... With such big concern about inflation and well versed with knowledge of the trade-off between output and the inflation, the policy maker will then machinate interest rates through adjustments informed by the knowledge on relative demand to release and inflation. The central bank then set in the money markets the nominal interest rate and since prices of goods argon somehow rigid then there will be movements around the real rate that always stand in absence of such moves by the central bank (Mervyn 2005). Due to these sticky prices, if a crisis hit the economy, it slips inflation away from the target and central bank can not quickly groom it back to the track instead it has to take the longer old route by factoring in the monetary policy on what is the most. This older route will include having to factor in the large things that include having to go over the expected demands and supply and he pressure it will have on one another, that is to say the productive capacity of the economy and its cost implication as well as whether the economy is still on the track in relative to the expected inflation (Paul 1998). After all that considerations the central bank will then design a way to bring quickly inflation back to target with consideration of the impact it will have on the output. It will then have to decide on whether to aggregate demand should be stimulated or not and whether to be neutral. With all that there are unobservable effects of inflation on unemployment whi ch it raises, the interest rates and growth of the economy through supply. The monetary policy committee (MPC) targets inflation by setting interest rates. When a buffet hit the economy the committee action is not felt immediately. The results of adjustments in interest rates could carry tangible results after even

Teamwork Is the Best Way In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Team kick the bucket Is the Best Way In crease - Essay ExampleEven if companies implement the best human resource practices to prevent conflict in spite of appearance the teams they will occur and the managers and team leaders are responsible for finding ship canal to resolve these problems. Conflicts come out due to issues such as goal incompatibilities, resources scarcity, and interpersonal relationships. The way the work is structure is an element that affects the chance the manifestation of conflict. Workflow interdependencies are work designs that are subject to a high incidence of conflict. In such a setting there is a high degree of dependency between the work performed by different members, thus one person does not deliver on time or their quality of work is how it affects the other person. This is a breeding ground for conflict. The manager can design natural workflows in a way that the dependency among the members is reduced which will lower the incidence of conflict i n a corporation. This can be achieved applying techniques such as decoupling or buffering. Decoupling is a technique that directly deals with confliction authority by reducing the required contact between conflicting parties. Buffering creates a work output line so that when these two groups that depend on each other work, the inventory serves as protection in case there is a delay of work in the system. There are several ways a manager can deal with conflict in order to find a lively resolution to the situation. Five approaches that utilize in the industry to deal with conflict are accommodation, compromise, avoidance.

Response Paper (The American Revoltion in Indian Country Essay

Response Paper (The American Revoltion in Indian Country - Essay Exampledemonstrates how inseparable American were able to pursue different strategies as they went through difficult experiences simply were able to aid their legacyColin Calloway writes that, The Revolution marked an emphatic divergence between the Cherokees and their colonial neighbors as the warriors of both societies took nurse of the path. This illustrate the lateness that was at hand because the Cherokee involvement in the revolutions was not a simple sign but it proved a powerful, durable and the same time usable image. The clamor kept on maturement especially in the 19th century on how to remove the Cherokees from their only remaining lands, although there were the backbreaking peace efforts emanating from the village headsmen way back before the war, during the war, combined role that was played by the Chota as well as the new societies which were built from the outcome ruins of the war were not listened to but ignored. All this was in the favor of what was termed as memory of Cherokee antagonism in the revolution. Therefore, the Cherokee had the responsibility again to begin afresh the confide of rebuilding their lives and homes past Mississippi.When the fighting came to an end due to the revolution it was very difficult for the Cherokees because they were like orphans, they were without a place completely in the universe. Because of the repercussion of the war, their population was affected drastically which led to serious bedevil of about 10,000 in number only and at the same time lost their homelands which was estimated to be around three-quarters as well as hunting grounds and towns were destroyed. The revolutions grouped lower towns to be Chickamauga bandage those who remained neutral kept on dividing the Cherokee. Their cultural framework was affected so much which disrupted the congruity which existed amongst the Cherokee wellbeing in relation to their spiritual world. This caused a lot of disorder everywhere.Thousands of Cherokees were forced under normal

Trademark Dilution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trademark Dilution - Assignment ExampleAs a result brand identity is an important part of the company. There comes a time however, when newer companies secure trademarks that be almost identical to those that are already much established. Think of a scenario for display case where two or more schools share the same uniform. This interference with trademarks can be called by different names however the most relevant to the topic we are about to discuss is dilution.Dilution was the subject if great controversy at the time of its founding. The idea is that there are large companies that wish to protect their already established trademarks. wherefore the best intimacy for them is to support the passing of dilution clauses into law to deny newer entrants the opportunity to try and make funds from establishing their trademarks along the standards already set by the established brands.This paper shall seek to study the history and authoritative state of trademark dilution. There sha ll be case studies that are analyzed so as to betoken how trademark dilution has evolved through rulings and also legislation. Another important aspect of trademark dilution is whether or not in reality, trademar4ks prevent such uncouth behavior as the industry is trying to prevent. Of course it is one thing to cry foul about trademarks and quite another to establish their effectiveness. The reason why this is the case is in general because creative departments in companies develop novel means to reciprocate the efforts and products of other companies.Trademark dilution is the United States for instance is a fairly recent phenomenon bearing in mind that the necessary legislation was passed in 1995. That was the year that the Federal Trademark Dilution act was passed. It sought to protect large companies against the gradual whittling away of renowned brands by new entrants1. This was an effort to protect big business at the expense of upcoming businesses.This, as the more fashion conscious will note, is a famous fashion brand. The

Organisation Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisation Business - Essay ExampleAnother trait which effects delirious intelligence is the gender, as women tend to be more social and empathetic than men whereas men argon more self-regulating. Therefore, both of the emotional approaches have different kind of effects on the work individuals do in professional fields (Arteche, et al. 2008, 1). This aspect is discussed further later. A inquiry by Adriane Arteche, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Adrian Furnham and John hunker down was done on the traits involved in Emotional Intelligence. Through this research, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) receptive a four- agent fundamental structure of emotional intelligence which showed high internal dependability and were, without difficulty, interpretable as mood, intrapersonal, interpersonal and adaptability, in line with Bar On. Furthermore, inter-correlations supported a higher order factor in self-assessed EQ-i, as stated by numerous other researchers (Arteche, et al. 2008, 3). Emotion ally Intelligent Leadership The next research which was looked upon was the research done by Wendy Gordon (2010, 72) that goes deeper on the professional and personal level of the emotional intelligence. In her article, she tells us about how to reduce cost in USAF (United States Air force) and American Express by victimization the traits of emotional intelligence. In the research, she explains that better Emotional Intelligence means better leadership qualities in a person. With the arrival of Emotional Intelligence evaluation apparatus, companies especially considering the USAF and American express, now have the opulence of generating a methodically validated summary, showing them what behaviors would make up an effectual leader in their precise corporation or industry. Researchers at the Center for Creative... This essay stresses that emotional Intelligence is a strengthening factor for any employee in an organization. It means to be in fancy of ones emotions and therefore ex istence focused on the goal and clear about ones course of action, without being impulsive. somebody who is emotionally intelligent and handles a situation effectively in both rough and calm quantify would prove to be a great asset to any organization. This report makes a conclusion that temperament traits play a big role when it comes to professionalism and emotional intelligence. Many qualities linked to transformational and effective leadership be also positively correlated to emotional intelligence showing that people who are able to control their and others emotions are more likely to be great leaders. Furthermore, it can be concluded that it is the responsibility of bangrs to manage their subordinates emotions in order to minimize their negative effects e.g. negative feedback should be delivered in such a way that the employee remains motivated for improved performance in future and chances of counterproductive behavior are diminished. Although the personality traits of m ale and female employees vary, it is established that emotional intelligence in a running(a) environs is not determined mainly by the gender of an employee, but by their interpersonal skills while working in a team. Therefore, emotional intelligence is essential quality for employees, in order to have a healthy and professional environment for every person working in any organization.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Art - Essay ExampleDeaccessions of the objects can only ascertain place when the objects to not match the mission of the museum.The re-opening of museum in Bagdad was meant to give political mileage to the politicians. In an open letter addressed to the government by Donny George and Rakowitzs, expressed concerns over shortest duration with which the preparation of the museum under-went for its re-opening. scorn all these efforts, the government through the Minister of Tourism went ahead to re-open the museum. The notion that of the strong takes it all is a common phrase frequently put into practice in Iraq today. This is evident from the creation of the ministry of tourism to grapple the management of the museums. This is contrary to the old system where the ministry of culture had this mandate. The re-opening of the museum was more of an exhibition as stated by Amira Aidan in an email. This is because 8 out of the 26 rooms were open and a few items on display. shelter situation in Iraq prompted a policy of allowing 50% of the staff to make it to work on a single day with the other 50% on the following day. Close to 50% percent of the objects missing from the museum due to security lapses in the country.It is important to note that museums play a significant role in preserving a countrys heritage through generations. Governments should therefore come up with relevant policies to batten down that museums are preserved (Merritt and Reilly 23-25). Regulations that undermine the independent operations of the museum would eventually make them collapse due to liberation of objects within the

Sports And International Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Sports And International Laws - Essay ExampleSport has coexisted with the existence of man. From the truly simple to advanced levels capers ar played by individual of almost every age. A formal definition from Dictionary.com quotes sport as,An drill involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others. more than than just a leisure activity, over the years, sport has evolved as a means of progress and development. The internationalisticist face of this physical activity becomes a source of development and coordination among different factions and nations. The present face of sport has evolved such that teams have been founded at both local and international levels and have developed and matured into the mealy of sport being acclaimed internationally. The international awareness of sport has bought many meanings to the game. The professional issues associated with both domestic and international sport have taken many turns over the years. It is across these levels of modification that the globalization of sports has evolved. Moreover, the issues of marketplace in an era of global prominence have also been looked upon. Professional and amateur sports, both, are affected by a number of controversial issues. The examples of these issues could be the abundant use of performance enhancing drugs, the migration of athletes and coaches, the impact of sports on the environment, the product of sportswear and sport as a potential market for the workforce of the developing countries. (Tahibault, 2009) The commercialization of sports in the society is also one of the global effects of sports in the it. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The historical stead of the field of sports dates back to the 14th century when the game of croquet was played. Moving on to the cut and wherefore noticeably to the English sport then evolved into a field just as significant as any other in the corporate sector. The official history of the Oly mpic Games however dates back to the 776 B.C. The Grecian calendar was itself based on the Olympiad which was to be held every four years. Though scholars agree that these were not the very first games but they unanimously affirm that they were substantial games that took place between city states such as those of Elis and Pisa. The founding of the Olympic games has been traced back to King Iphitos of the Eleans. This realm of ancient Olympics continued over 1170 years. Then subsequently a gap these games were again revived in the in the 19th century. This was done by French Baron

How a person would act if they had super powers Essay Example for Free

How a person would act if they had super powers riseSome people my age dream of having superpowers. Some people read comic books,watch movies, watch television, and attentiveness they could have super powers like tent flaping or becoming invisible. I on the other submit am gifted with both of these powers and use them every twenty-four hours Invisibility and the ability to fly arent however useful in everyday life they are just plain mutation. I recieved my powers out of nowhere.One day I was sitting on the couch watching Television, and I fell asleep. I had a supernatural dream that I had the aability to fly and could become invisible. Well strangely copious when I woke up I was floating in mid air It took some struggling to get back on my feet because I did not exactly know how to, but when I finally did I went to the bathroom to look in the mirror and see if I could become invisible. In my dream if I concentrated hard enough I could become invisible, well sure enough I became invisible.This was a long time past and I have just about got both of my powers under my control now.Being able to fly is, needless to say, is very useful. Such as after school when everybody is waiting in the thirty mo line to go home I just fly off home laughing at everyone wasting their gas. It definitely saves me money on gas, and I know I exit not clank because their is no one else who can fly. Also since I am gifted with powers I enjoy part people out when they are in trouble. It is also a whole lot of fun doing tricks in the sky. Being invisible has a lot of advantages. It first of all helps me out when I am fugitive so nobody can see me. Also instead of wearing a dumb trailer truck so nobody knows who I am when I am helping people.The best part of cosmos invisible though would probably not be helping people it would be messing with people and pull pranks on them because they have no clue who it is. It also helps if you do not like to study so you can sneek i nto the teachers classroom and get the answers to the quiz or test. Super powers are alot of fun, but also a big responsibility. They help out in life and make everyday things like traveling fun and exciting. Its also really rewarding to help people out when they are in trouble. I do not know how I got my powers, I do not know how long I will have them. I do know one thing though I will be enjoying them.

Student Council Structure Essay Example for Free

Student Council Structure EssayThis article deals with the nature of school-age child councils and the responsibilities of the representatives across the B schools in India with the example of the successful change in the structure of the assimilator council at TAPMI. Student council is a curricular or extra-curricular activity for schoolchilds within grade schools around the world. The student council helps overlap students ideas, interests, and concerns with teachers and school principals. They often also help raise funds for school-wide activities, including social make upts, community projects and school reform. Wiki fit in to Several Schools A Student Council is a representative structure for students only, through which they can become winding in the affairs of the school, working in partnership with school heed, staff and parents for the benefit of the school and its students. most all the Bschool of the country have a so called student body or a student council which is an elected body of the student representative. They often take charge of organizing events in the school and work on several projects throughout the year.Its role in nurturing students behavior and enhancing the developmental activities at schools is complementary. The student council is meant for the benefit of the students. The elected members of the council become the link between the students and the school administration. Often, school councils are manifold in planning the yearly curriculum and are shouldered the responsibility of organizing various events in the academic year. This creates the probability to include topics of interest to the students and also conduct activities that complement student learning and make learning a fun experience for students.The students who involved with the student council develop several leadership and communication skills in the line of handling responsibilities shouldered for being a students representative. On the other hand, the schools also conduct to benefit from students councils. Firstly, the students take up the responsibility of organizing various events in the school, which would otherwise be an extra commit on the school administration, plus the students interest and involvement in the events are guaranteed.In some schools even the fund raising responsibilities are given to the students. But then we do not live in an ideal world is student council actually doing what it is supposed to do? In most cases, this council works in a lose-win mode. Either the college management makes the student representatives as puppets in implementing more and more non-student friendly rules or the student council decides on how to run the college the students way.Instead of being complementary the student council and college management often works so as to have the upper hand in decision devising regarding the life at campus. Lets look at it from the students point. Are we selecting the right people in the stud ent council? Isnt it a truth that in more cases than not we elect people who each has money power or muscle power to be in the student council much the equal case as our politicians? Most often, students who can lobby win the posts rather than the people who actually be it.How many times have we felt that these people misuse their power for personal benefit and that a change is needed, but then who cares why should I get my hands dirty to improve the remains? Isnt my job just to get a good placement, flying grades and get over with my 2 years? College will survive on its own anyways it never cared about students What most people bring out to understand is that no college can ever grow without the efforts of management as well as students which should be complementary. No college event can ever be successful if both the stakeholders are not involved in its planning.

Gods Intervention in the world Essay Example for Free

matinee idols interpellation in the globe Es tellExplain what is meant by the leger describing theology as a miracle thespian?Miracles have been reported all over the realism for thousands of years. In most scenarios miracles ar related to god, and the legal action of deity at bottom the world suggesting Gods imminence. The world miracle originates from the word miraculum meaning a thing of wonder. It is an interruption to the processes of record that cannot be explained by natural rightfulnesss and therefore a transgression. An interruption such as this normally bears whatsoever deeper and usually religious significance. The record recites populacey ideas of miracles by either God or though Jesus. indoors the old testament the story of Joshua and the Israelites. This story explains how he took his army to defend a place called Gibeon and that God was on the side of Joshua and serves them defeat the enemies of Gibeon. God does this by the interruption of natura l laws such as pro longing the days, and throwing down a storm of hail.Other texts within the bible suggest miracles performed by God. For font during the story of Moses where he parts the reed sea in fix for the Israelites to escape from the Egyptians. Another vogue miracles are shown within the bible is through Jesus. This is shown in such miracles as the feeding of 5000 and healing of the paralysed man Jesus was told to even bring people back to life. The bible uses these miracles to show Gods immanence within the world and his the relationship betwixt God and humanity.miracles make it difficult to believe in a reliable matinee idolThe idea of miracles is that they defy the laws of nature. That God Is transcendent but shows his power and smashingness by interacting within the world as a miracle worker. For many who have experienced miracles they see it as an experience with God, for an example the theopany between God and Moses. However many issues are raised by the idea of God interfering in the lives of others.Firstly, some people see miracles as being morally unfair. They would say that if God was all good why would he interfere in the lives of some and not others. Why would a good God chose to help certain people and leave others to suffer. For example God helped the Jews many times within the bible whether it be in the story of Moses, Joshua or the feeding of 5000.However let them suffer through persecution so badly during the holocaust of world war two. Not only this but through the stories of Joshua and Moses God is choosing to help some people, in this case the Israelites but not the Egyptians or the enemies of Gibeon if God is the power of everything in order to be morally correct God should be fair and just. Furthermore in some accounts of miracles from the bible God chooses to help a single person, how would God chose who to help and who to stay in suffering if God was just and fair. A miracle itself therefore contradicts Gods omnibenevole nce.Miracles also make God uncertain. According to religious believers God is the creator of everything psychiatric hospital ex nihilo and yet for a miracle to exist God must work against his own creation to create a miracle. This questions Gods immanence as it goes against the idea that God is omniscient and never changing. By producing miracles the original laws created by God are uncertain and changeable.Why would a God that is all God and brawny need to work against his own creation there should be no need for miracles. God looked as his work and saw it was good. How could God be the creator of the earth and want to change how it works?Maurice wiles would give with this arguing that God couldnt intervene on an individual level without undermining his whole creation. And that a good who could reject some suffering whilst choosing to help others it not worthy of worship.Although many follow this argument there are those who would say there does not need to be a choice between natural law and miracles, that they can co exist within the same world. That science can only develop by accepting new ideas of which miracles could be one. Also that miracles can have the same sorts of enjoin as that of science, accounts by people, memories or physical traces left behind.David Hume is another philosopher who rejects that a reliable God cannot be a God of miracles. He suggests that miracles have nothing to do with God and that those talk of experiencing miraculous events are barbarous innate and gullible By this he means that the idea of God creating miracle is simply an excuse for those who cannot understand the on-key and natural reason for the occurrence.On the other hand there are those who would argue with the ideas of Hume and others sharing that opinion. They would say that although it is questionable as to whether miracles exist and are caused by God there is and equal lack of evidence to deny the occurrence of miracles. Equally that for a religious person it is not to question how God interacts within the world, just to have faith and accept that God is omnipotent, omni benevolent etc and that God must perform these miracles for a reason that is beyond the understanding of humans but is for a good cause.

Positive discrimination Essay Example for Free

Positive discrimination EssayNew Right Sociologists would moot that this would be a wrong to the government as it would lead to an eventual reduction in the nations endowment fund pool. However, it is important to note that the methodology used in the production of The Bell Curve is both indefinite and highly doubtful. This is most vividly illustrated by the article Inequality by Design, written by the Sociology segment of UC Berkeley, which claims that the statistics used by Murray and Herrstein were flawed due to omissions and technical errors. On the other hand, New Right Sociologists in addition argue that ethic groups are disadvantage because they refuse to integrate into their host society. A refusal to integrate may include a refusal to take on the norms and values of the host culture or to learn the language. This prevents them from pursuit opportunities and hence leaving them at a disadvantage. New Right Sociologists would henceforth argue that the state would pack no responsibility whatsoever for self-made choices, and therefore that Positive inequality would be pointless and a waste of both time and resources.Neo-Marxists and Social Democratic/Left Wing sociologists would argue that because Ethnic Minorities beget from ethnical discrimination as well as poorer life chances they require and need Positive inequality in order to ensure that they are able to reach the best of their potential. Neo-Marxist Sociologists would refer to the argument, as advocated by Stuart Hall of black bulk being scapegoat for economic and social problems in times of peril. This shows that people from ethnic minorities are infernald for causing problems, and hence are put at a disadvantage with other groups.This effect is then emphasized through the schema model, in which press coverage and blame of ethnic minorities leads to prejudice, prejudgment and in turn a disadvantage for minorities in regards to a wide ramble on of areas, including life chances a s represented through education, health and work. The prejudice caused by scapegoating leads to ethnic minorities being denied jobs in the primary job market, having to get by through the routine, ill paid and unskilled jobs offered through the petty(a) Job Market.This in turn impacts greatly on all other aspects of their life, including where they live and the lifestyle they lead. Because ethnic minorities are tied to the secondary job market with lower wages, or languishing in unemployment, they end up residing in inner cities and other areas which are potential to be affected by what is described as the Inverse Care Law as coined by Hart, in which those who need the most access to function receive the least. Statistics from the Office of National Statistics show that ethnic minorities tend to have the worst self-reported health, live in overcrowded housing and smoke the most.This shows the fact that Ethnic Minorities, due to the lack of job opportunities, throw from lower than sightly health and lifestyles. This, coupled with the fact that ethnic minority households are three times more likely to live in poor neighborhoods (Commission on Racial Equality, 2003) tells us that ethnic minorities do indeed suffer from lower life chances due to poor health, poorer education due to failing inner city schools and in the long run a cumulatively lower chance of success in life that other groups due to actualize disadvantages in terms of health, education and job prospects.This clearly shows that Positive Discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups is desirable as it allows for the disadvantages caused by ethnic discrimination and its knock-on effects to be limited if not redressed, hence increasing the nations pool of talent and preventing those who are capable from languishing behind due to disadvantageous conditions. Henceforth it base be said that Positive Discrimination in favor of disadvantaged ethnic minorities is both ripe and disadvantageous depen ding on which perspective it is viewed from.However, it could be concluded with a degree of certainty that Positive Discrimination in favor of ethnic minorities is both a good government policy and advantageous to the unpolished in question- as it allows ethnic minorities put at a disadvantage to compete on what amounts to nigher grounds to those from other ethnic groups that may enjoy an advantage, whether it be through wealth, power or collapse overall life chances.This allows for the meritocratic principles of Functionalism to occur on fair and even grounds- facilitating competition for roles and jobs between everyone on fair and even terms, hence allowing the best and brightest, regardless of ethnicity, to reach the very top and bring correlative benefits for society as a whole.

Never Let Me Go Essay Example for Free

Never allow Me Go Essay2009 A token is an object, action, or event that represents something or that creates a range of associations beyond itself. In literary works a symbol can express an idea, clarify meaning, or sum up literal meaning. Select a novel or play and, focusing on one symbol, compile an essay analyzing how that symbol functions in the work and what it reveals about the characters or themes of the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot.Most children enkindle up thinking that one day they pass on reach maturity and go to college, get a job, start a life and family and so on. However, the children of Hailsham grow up only to get their organs taken from them one by one until they die. While suppuration up at Hailsham, their biggest fear seems to be the woods that surround their home. The woods are a symbol that represent the outside world and therefore their fate after Hailsham, yet more importantly how this knowledge they have about their future i s always wandering in the back of their mind.Throughout the entire translation of the woods, theres imagery of things lurking over Hailsham. The woods are always looming in the distance up on the hill over Hailsham and the ghost of the girl who was never fit to get back in is always gazing over Hailsham This idea of the woods being so scary, and the scary stories that have been created about them, is symbolic of how the fate of their futures also lingers over Hailsham and the children. It seems that the only thing the children can truly be sure of is that they willing be fine as long as they stay in Hailsham.To them Hailsham represents security and safety, but outside, they bustt really know for sure. All they really know is that once they leave Hailsham, no involvement how badly theyre pleading to be let back in, they will never be able to return. In the novel there is a part where the kids punish Marge K for embarrassing them by forcing her to look at the woods at night beca use apparently it was enough to ensure for her a sob night of terror. I could see a kid being scared in this situation but an entire night of sobbing terror seems like she was way more than just scared.What scares her is facing her future. see those woods and realizing that one day she will be there and not at Hailsham anymore. As the horizontal surface progresses the guardians try to deny the rumors about the woods, but the older kids always insist they would be told the ghastly impartiality soon enough. Since the older kids begin to understand the truth about their futures they warn their younger, more nave, brothers and sisters at Hailsham.The fate of the children of Hailsham is tragic and inevitable one. When youre young, your little kid instincts tend to take over and you stimulate yourself channeling your fears into something thats easier for you to understand. For the children of Hailsham this easier thing is the woods.

East of Eden Essay Example for Free

East of Eden EssayIn posterior Steinbecks novel, East of Eden, the deprivation of a sound conscience is a theme that is associated with Cathy Ames, and afflicts the people close to her. The author uses omening to portray the future of Cathy and her multiple victims. By doing so, the author builds onto the characterization of Cathy, revealing how in truth malevolent she is. From birth, Cathy is foreshadowed to develop into something monstrous. The author claims that he believe(s) there are monsters born in the world to human beings parents (72). Even though she has not been physic completelyy presented to the reader still, Cathy is about to be portrayed as the important evil in this novel. This prelude to Cathys characterization foreshadows the evil that will come with her presence. Cathys restrain of terror begins when she burns her own house down, and the frightened talk ran through the town that the whole Ames family had burn (87). This action corresponds to the foresh adowing presented by the authors description of monsters being born to human parents.By committing much(prenominal) an inhumane act, the reader gains the manageledge that Cathy has no conscience. Cathys tirade did not end there, and subsequently giving birth to Adam, and possibly Charles, babies and trying to leave him, she shot at him. The heavy slug struck him in the shoulder and flattened and tore out a piece of his shoulder blade (202). Cathys ability to kill the father of her children without even considering the severity of her actions shows how much of a monster Cathy truly is.The actions performed by Cathy at such an early stage in the story only foreshadows to the reader that she has not yet ended her path of destruction. Cathys inner evil is revealed at birth, and, at a young age, she discovers that she holds abilitys that piece of ass be used to manipulate others. From birth Cathy is foreshadowed to be pure evil, and she learned when she was very young that gender with all its attendant yearnings and pains, jealousies and taboos, is the most disturbing impulse humans have (75).It is disturbing that Cathy realizes her sexual capabilities at such a young age. The way Cathys thought process is presented, it can be seen that Cathy plans to vitiate her powers, foreshadowing conflicts to arise in the future. It did not take long for Cathy to utilize her powers, and at ten Cathy knew something of the power of the sex impulse and began coldly to experiment with it (75). Cathys experimentation with sexual power at such a young age helps further depict her as a malevolent being with no conscience.The fact that she begins abbling in sexual activities, at an age where most dont even know what sex is, foreshadows that there can only be trouble to come from involvement with Cathy. Years chair and, as foreshadowed, Cathy becomes a major contributor to her local brothel. When speaking of her regular customers with the brothels owner, Faye, Cathy tells her to life at the heel marks on their groins Ive got the sweetest set of razors all in a representative (236). Cathy has been secretly sodomizing and extorting extra money from her regulars, showing she is not content with the amount of control she already possesses.Her actions foreshadow that Cathys search for power is never ending, foreshadowing she will continue her malicious acts until someone is competent of stopping her. At birth Cathy is depicted to be monstrous, which is proven true by the actions she displays while development as a child. The realization of the many powers she possesses are developed and abused by Cathy, showing she disregards all others well being in her search for total control. Such actions can only be performed by those who have no sound conscience, and have no fear of the consequences posed by society.

Elementary school Essay Example for Free

easy school EssayAs the end of the semester approaches, in that respect be stacks of experiences and learning that I would standardised to share during my internship at capital of Minnesota Revere Elementary school. Just like in any experiences there are good things and bad things all at the same time. These experiences make my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school worth spending. Setting goals is something very important because this makes a person inner of his/her purpose. Even before going into my internship there are different goals that I would like to attain in my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school.Now that I am approaching the end, I believe that I am able to attain the goals that I established even before I entered my internship. It is also during my stay at Paul Revere Elementary school that I learned lots of things. During my stay there are things that I know that I would learn. One of this would be the importance of fostering to people especially to young st udents. My stay at Paul Revere Elementary school made me more aware of how important education is.There are also some things that I did not expect to learn at this school and this is how different students have different involve that teachers needs to consider. This is a very important factor consider in education and learning how to cater to these different needs is something that Paul Revere taught me. Because of these experiences, I believe it strengthened my career choice rather than question it. These experiences are enough proof to show how much I value now being a teacher. cosmos able to shape young minds is a very rewarding experience and I will neer exchange this experience for anything else.

Standard Chatered Bank (Scb) Essay Example for Free

old-hat Chatered edge (Scb) EssayStandard undertake intrust is a British argot orchestratequartered in London with operations in more than seventy countries. It operates a engagement of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) and employs 73,000 people.Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and 90% of its remuneration come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Because the banks history is entwined with the development of the British Empire its operations lie predominantly in former British colonies, though over the past two decades it has expanded into countries that have historically had minute British influence. It aims to provide a safe regulatory bridge between these developing economies.It now focuses on consumer, corporate, and institutional banking, and on the provision of treasury goargonas in which the Group had particular strength and expertise.The peeled millennium had brought wi th it two of the largest eruditions in the history of the bank with purchase of Grind lays entrust from the ANZ Group and the acquisition of the Chase Consumer Banking operations in Hong Kong in 2000.These acquisitions demonstrate Standard hired firm is committed to the rising markets, where the Bank has a strong and earned presence and where they see their future growth.Standard Chartered BankOperation In BangladeshStandard Chartered Bank started its transmission line in Bangladesh in 1948, opening its graduation branch in the port city of Chittagong. The bank increasingly invested in people, engineering and premises as its business grew in relation to the countrys thriving economy. At present the bank has 6 offices in capital of Bangladesh Chittagong and Sylhet, including the countrys only offshore banking unit inside the Dhaka Export Processing Zone at Savar. coarse knowledge of the market and essential expertise in a wide range of financial run underline our strength to b uild business opportunities for corporate and institutional clients at home and abroad. Continuous upgrading of technology and control systems has en adaptedd the bank of offer new serve, which include unique ATMs and Phone banking. Adopting a pro-active border on, the bank is able to offer a flexible and comprehensive range of financial services in particular transactional banking products. The bank has also invested in its branches to ensure that their business is supported by high-tech operations using state of the art technology. Dedicated customer services with solution-oriented cash specialists to provide customers with cost-effective solutions. Electronic delivery system has been effect in place to give customers maximum control of their transactions.Standard Chartereds services in Bangladesh, ranges from Personal corporeal Banking to Institutional Banking, Treasury and Custodial services.Vision of Standard Chartered BankCatalyst for changeStandard Chartered Bank has a k ey role to play in stimulating economic and favorable development through the services they provide and by being a force for good. The success of their business depends on this. Standard Chartered Bank has been committed to continually improving the fictional character and scope of the services they offer to clients.Mission of Standard Chartered BankThe missions ar* To deliver excellent products and services in the emerging markets to Standard Chartereds clients. These products include trade finance services, cash management, foreign exchange and treasury products, commodity finance, and structured import and export finance services. * To be the trendsetter for innovative banking with excellence and perfection. * To be the best acting bank in the country and the region. * To exceed customer expectations through innovative financial products services and establish a strong presence to recognize sh atomic number 18holders expectations andoptimize their rewards through dedicated workforce. * Keeping ahead of former(a) competitors in productivity and profitability. To attain budgetary targets fixed in each area of business aim of Standard Chartered BankStandard Chartered Bank one of the worlds star international banks and their stopping point is to lead the way in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. They are dedicated to implementing the highest standards of corporate constitution and gaining trust in each of the countries in which they conduct business. Like other business disposal the summation desire of Standard Chartered Bank is to maximize the profit through banking activities saving lending cash to the life of the common people.The Objectives of the Standard Chartered Bank is given belowBroad terminalAs a commercial organization, Standard Chartered Bank implies that it stands for get together the banking needs of the people of the society. Operating GoalIn compliance with the very nature of the organization, the objective in mind the bank aims a t excelling quality and diversified services. To fulfill its mission Standard Chartered Bank has its main objectives as followings* To provide banking services to people.* To earn profit.* Act as a media of exchange.* To contribute to gross domestic product (GDP).* Maintain a satisfactory deposit mix.* To help to grow entrepreneurship.* Increase loan portfolio diversification and geographical coverage.* To mitigate unemployment problem.* tin finance specialized services to the export.* To help to boost economic development.Service Attitudes* Standard Chartered Bank is a service organization. It lives and prospers on the quality of service it provides. So quality of service is maintained at all levels.* Banks image with people is identified on the quality and diversity of services that the people calculate to receive.* As a dynamic bank they always remain in search of new dramaturgy of activity in line with people economic need. Suggestions by customers and other people are interp reted in to proper attention so as to help identify new activity or improve upon present activities.* The bank maintains healthy competition with other banks aiming at excelling services in meeting economic needs of the people.OrganogramOrganizational Structure Organizing is the management function that involves the process of determining what task are to be done, who is to do them, how the task are to be grouped who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Organizing is the process of creating an organizations structure. Organizational structure is the formal framework by which job task are divided, grouped and coordinated. Hierarchy of Standard Chartered BankAdministrationsLoan Administration divisionLoan Sanction plane sectionHuman Resource DepartmentOperationsInvestment TreasuryInternal DivisionHead representation DepartmentalizationCorporate Banking DepartmentCEOAudit InspectionITFinanceAccountsForeign TradeAdministrationsFinanceIT sleeve DepartmentalizationCor porate Banking DepartmentLoan Sanction DepartmentForeign TradeLoan Administration Department severalize ManagerOperationsThe policy direction and overall management of the Bank is vested upon the Board of Directors consisting of sixsome members. The Chief Executive of the Bank is one of the members of the Board of Directors.Regional Manager and Divisional Head serve up Chief Executive Officer. Head Office Divisions are headed by Departmental heads and controlled by designated ordinary Managers. Branch Offices by Branch Managers, depending on size and importance of the Branch from the commercial point of view, Deputy General Managers or Assistant General Managers heads the Corporate Branches and AD Branches.The organizational structure is the way in which organizations activitiesare divided, organized and co-organized. The design of the organizations structure stinker be traditional design like simple, functional and divisional or existing organizational designs like team-based, matrix etc. From the structure of the Standard Chartered Bank we see that it is mostly functional because some part are organized around the functions of operation, credit, international division, clement resource etc. and these divisions are related with each other for conducting the activities.It can also be considered as partly regional because some management functions are divided on the dry land of territory. Each regional circle conducts same activities generally that are decided but in some situation head of the regional office takes decisions. So we can perceive that it has traditional structural design.Moreover, it has clear chain of play where the level of authority goes from top to bottom and very much centralized.Performance AppraisalOfStandard Chartered BankSince organization exist to achieve goals, the degree of success that case-by-case employees have in gain their individuals goals is important in determining organizational effectiveness. The assessment of how su ccessful employees have been at meeting their individual goals, therefore, becomes a critical part of HRM. Here we provided how Standard Chartered appraised their employees functioning.Why Standard Chartered evaluates the performance of its Employees? Standard Chartered Appraises the performances of its employees for three reasons they are * First, it can be used promote their employees and to stage for their various training programs if they require for enhancing their skills in their respective areas and in contribution enhancement.* Second, as a basis for reward allocations. Decisions to decide who getssalary increases, and other rewards are determined by their performance evaluation.* Finally the performance appraisal can be used as a criterion against which selection devices and development programs are validated. It is one thing to say, for example, that their selection process is successful in differentiating satisfactory performers from unsatisfactory performers.Appraisal regularityused byStandard Chartered BankEmployees are evaluated by how well they accomplish a specific set of objectives that have been determined to be critical in the successful completion of their job. This approach is frequently referred to as. Management by objectives. Management by objectives is a process that converts organization objectives into individual objectives. It can be thought of as consisting of four steps goal setting, action planning, self- control, and periodic reviews. In goal setting, the organizations overall objectives are used as guidelines from which departmental and individual objectives are set. In action planning, the essence are determined for achieving the ends established in goal setting. That is, realistic plans are developed to attain the objectives.

Applied linguistics Essay Example for Free

Applied lingual scientistics EssayApplied philology 1 History The term apply linguistics dates back at least to the 1940s in the USA when linguists employ analytical manners to the pr movementical problems of producing grammars and phrasebooks and developing style courses. 2 What Is Applied Linguistics? Applied linguistics (1) was interdisciplinary, drawing on psychology, sociology, and pedagogy as salubrious as theoretical linguistics (2) included a range of scene of actions including lexicography, stylistics, speech pathol ogy, translation, expression policy, and planning among other(a)s (3) performed a mediating function among hypothesis and serve.pplied linguistics must take into consideration the record of actors line and the nature of the discussion sectionicular world in which explicateing is sp closingd, the beliefs, social institutions, and culture of its practicers, and how these influence voice communication habituate. I reach let outly, the j ob of an applied linguist is to diagnose a problem in real-world language use, bring the insights of linguistics to bear on the problem, and suggest solutions. 3 Relation of Theory and Practice the Case of Language Teaching The applied linguist stands at the intersection of realizableness and practice, and it is non alship push asideal clear how the applied linguist mediates amid the two.This suggests a one and only(a)-way street in which theory is at the starting point, and the applied linguist directs job from theory to practice. Influenced by structuralism in linguistics and by behaviorism in psychology, applied linguists seed that language was a collection of distinct learnable structures, speaking was primary, and learning a language was a matter of invent habit formation.To inculcate correct habits, teachers drilled students incessantly in correct pronunciation and patterned practice of well-formed structures. Under the influence of the theoretical work of Noam Cho msky, appliedlinguists saw language learning as a cognitive subroutine of hypothesis testing, in which errors indicated the stage of the language learners interlanguage.Instead, versed a language means knowing how to communicate in the language it involves acquiring communicative competence. A richer model of the relationship among theory, practice, and applied linguistics sees it as a two-way street in which the applied linguist directs traffic from theory into practice and from practice into theory. Similarly in applied linguistics, practice provides a testing ground for theory, however it is more than that real-world language use provides new questions and issues requiring new theories.4 new-fangled Range of Inquiry N invariablytheless, the central characteristics of applied linguistics remain (1) focus on place settingualized language use (2) application of theory to practice and vice versa (3) practical problem-based approaching (4) multidisciplinary perspective. 4. 1 Se cond language statement and cross-cultural linguistics 2Accurate description of language use with the ultimate goal of teaching has motivate look into in cross-cultural deal and matter-of-facts.Concentration onspoken language, combined with speech act theory among others, has engendered numerous research projects in applied linguistics investigating specific speech acts such as making requests and apologies in different languages and cultures. Applied linguists flip examined the development of pragmatic competence in sulphur language learners and the possibilities for teaching pragmatics. 4. 2 Language use in background contri scarceions of discourse synopsis out-of-door the atomic number 18a of language pedagogy, the burgeoning of discourse abbreviation has provided a means whereby linguistic insight can be applied to real-world situations.Other institutional and professional settings, too, look at come under scrutiny from applied linguists victimisation theoretical c onstructs to explain how language is employ in real-world settings such as commerce, employment, and public services. A battlefield that has developed considerably in recent years in response to societal concerns is the investigation of language and gender. Recent empirical studies have enriched understanding of the interrelationship of language and gender and pictured that generalizations closely manly and female speech be unreliable when the particular communicative contexts in which the speech buy the farms have not been examined.Other work has examined gender and language cross-culturally and in specific institutional settings. 4. 3 Language care and endangered languages and dialects The work of applied linguists on endangered or minority languages and dialects brings together field linguistics, anthropology, sociolinguistics and education. For example, a longitudinal contain of language use and cultural context draws together sociolinguistic research into language use, research in language socialization, and aid language acquisition research into educational discourse. It is not however minority languages that are under threat, but to a fault dialects.2.Contemporary linguistic approaches clinical, forensic, computational linguistics ( )( 29, 30, 25) We have chosen to focus on four proportionally popular celestial spheres of inquiry syntactic parsing discourse analysis computational morphology and phonology lead-based methods. Parsing and discourse analysis have had the longest continuous history of investigation. computational morphology and phonology began to grow as a fracture discipline in the mid-1980s. Corpus-based approaches were wonderd as early on as the 1960s. 1 Parsing () Parsing is the act of determining the syntactic structure of a fourth dimension.The goal is to represent who did what to whom in the sentence. Parsing involves tagging 3the names with an appropriate syntactic category and determining their relationships to each other. Words are grouped into phrase-like constituents, which are arranged into clauses and sentences. Machine translation systems employ parsing to derive representations of the input that are qualified for transfer from the reference point to target language at either the syntactic or semantic level. A great deal of attention to the application of syntactic parsing models for language modeling for automatic speech recognition. 2 Discourse Analysis.The area of discourse analysis is concerned with inferring the intend messages of phonations. In recount for the dialogue participants to successfully carry out a dialogue, they must be able to recognize the intentions of the other participants utterances, and to produce their responses in such a way that will enable the other participant(s) to recognize their intentions. A recipe is a generic template for performing a particular action. The recipe library contains a collection of generic recipes, and during discourse unde rstanding, the plan inference module attempts to infer utterance intentions and relationships usinginformation provided by this library.3 Computational Morphology and Phonology Roughly speaking, the topics can be classified into computational morphology, which treats the analysis of word structure and computational phonology, which, deals with the varys in sound patterns that take place when address are put together. 4 Corpus-based Methods The word corpus in linguistics is typi vocaly a collection of texts. Corpora have been widely utilise by linguists to identify and analyze language phenomena, and to verify or refute claims near language. notwithstanding, a corpus also reveals importantquantitative information or so the dispersal of various language phenomena.29 Clinical Linguistics Clinical linguistics is the application of the linguistic sciences to the study of language disability. 1 Identifying Linguistic Symptoms assist has now come to be foc employ on important sympt oms of language disability, and to those aspects of the problem which have been handle or misdiagnosed. Less noticeable refers to every feature other than the audible qualities of pronunciation, the order and omission of rear grammatical grammatical constituents, and the actual items which constitute vocabulary.These features excludemost of the properties of phonological systems, the sense relations between lexical items, the constraints operating on discourse in moveion, and the many ramifications of underlying syntactic structure. All of these play a major part in identifying the various conformations of language disability. The use of a clinical linguistic vomit of reference has also enabled people to make progress in identifying disorders of language comprehension. That requires careful testing and the unconditional of variables. Disorders of a pragmatic kind, likewise, 4 have often remained undiagnosed, or have been misdiagnosed as problems of apsychological or social be havioral type.2 The Role of Clinical Linguistics 2. 2 Description A major area of clinical linguistic research has been to provide ship canal of describing and analyzing the linguistic behavior of patients, and of the clinicians and others who interact with them. 2. 3 Diagnosis An important aim of clinical linguistics is to provide a classification of patient linguistic behaviors. This can provide an alternative diagnostic model, and one which is more able to provide insights about intervention in cases where there is no clear evidence of any medical condition. 2. 4 judicial decision ().Clinical linguistics has also been much involved in devising more sophisticated assessments of kinky linguistic behavior. A diagnosis tells us what is wrong with a patient an assessment tells us well(p) how seriously the patient is wrong. 2. 5 Intervention The ultimate goal is to formulate hypotheses for the remediation () of abnormal linguistic behavior.Not all aspects of a patients problem ar e directly applicable to the ingest for linguistically based intervention, clinical linguistics can help clinicians to make an informed judgment about what to teach next, and to monitor the outcome of an intervention hypothesis, astreatment proceeds. To a large extent, moving well beyond the patients language, to include an investigation of the language used by the person(s) carrying out the intervention, the kind of teaching materials used, and the setting in which the interaction takes place.3 Linguistic Insights The chief aim of clinical linguistics is to provide the clinician with increasing levels of insight and confidence in arriving at linguistic decisions. The three pillars of any clinical linguistic approach description grading intervention.All change motives to be regularly monitored, to demonstrate that progress is being made thisis the lying-in of assessment. The keeping of comprehensive linguistic records is a further priority, without which the cogency of inter vention can never be demonstrated.Forensic Linguistics Now linguists also have begun examining character identification, authorship of written documents, unclear jury instructions, the asymmetry of power in courtroom exchanges, lawyer customer communication breakdown, the nature of perjury, problems in written legal discourse, defamation, trademark infringement, courtroom translation and translation difficulties, the enough of warninglabels, and the nature of tape recorded conversation used as evidence.1 Trademark rape Typically, they respond to requests of attorneys to help them with their law cases. 2 Product Liability 5But the linguist, calling on familiarity of discourse analysis, semantics, and pragmatics, can determine the extent to which the inwardness was clear and unambiguous and point out the possible meanings that the message presents. Once this is done, it is up to the attorney to determine whether or not to ask the linguist to testify at trial. 3 Speaker Identific ation Linguists have been used by attorneys in matters of voice identification.If the tapes are of sufficient quality, spectographic analysis is possible. If not, the linguist may rely on training and skills in phonetics to make the analogy. 4 typography of Written Documents Law enforcement agencies process provide a psychological profile of the person. Calling on knowledge of language indicators of such things as regional and social dialect, age, gender, education, and occupation, linguists analyze documents for bighearted clues to the identity of the writer. Stylistic analysis centers on a writers habitual language features over which the writer has little or no conscious awareness.5 Criminal Cases Suspects are recorded with court authorized wire taps placed that none of the speakers is aware of being taped, or by using body microphones and engage suspects in conversation. If the law enforcement agency is concerned about the adequacy of the language evidence that they have gath ered, they may call on a linguist to make transcripts of the conversations, analyze them. The tape recorded conversation itself points to the use of the other tools of the forensic linguist, including syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, dialectology, and discourse analysis. 3. Discourse analysis (17)Discourse analysis is concerned with the contexts in and the processes through which we use oral and written language to specific audiences, for specific purposes, in specific settings. 1 What Is Discourse? A Preliminary Characterization The big D concerns general ways of viewing the world and general ways of behaving, the small d concerns actual, specific language use.Discourse analysis emphasizes that language is not merely a self-contained system of symbols but a mode of doing, being, and becoming. Discourse research can be divided into 2 major types of inquiries (1) why some but not other linguistic forms are used ongiven occasions and (2) what are the linguistic resources fo r accomplishing various social, affective, and cognitive actions and interactions.2 Communicative Motivations for the filling of Linguistic Forms Language is inseparable from other aspects of our life and that the selection of linguistic forms should be explained in basis of authentic human communicative needs (i. e. , social, interactional, cognitive, affective needs). 2. 1 background 6One of the first questions is what is happening in this stretch of talk, who the participants are, where they are, and why they are there.Linguistic choices aresystematically motivated by contextual factors. Context is a complex of 3 dimensions First, the field of social action in which the discourse is embedded. Second, the set of place relations among the participants. And third, the role of language in the interaction. In this view, language is a system of choices made on the basis of a contextual configuration which accounts for field, tenor, and mode. 2. 3 Speech act What kind of speech act utterance is and whether this act is accomplished through direct or indirect means. Speech act theory says that language is used not only to nominate things but to do things as well.Further, utterances act on 3 different levels the literal level (locutionary act), the implied level (illocutionary act), and the consequence of the implied act (perlocutionary act). 2. 4 Scripts / plans Script is to describe the knowledge that we have of the structure of stereotypical event sequences. If such knowledge can be draw in a formal way, then we may have a theory of how humans process natural language. 2. 5 Referentiality How entities () are referred to in utterances. Some analysts are interested in how referential forms make a stretch of discourse cohesive in form and coherent in meaning.2. 6 Topicality and thematicity What is an utterance about, what is the starting point of a message, what is the focus of a message. Topic the part of the utterance about which something is state. Prague discipline linguists developed the functional sentence perspective which says that word order has to do with how illuminating each element in the utterance is communicative dynamism, or CD. A sentence begins with elements with the lowest CD and ends with those with the highest CD. Theme is the part of the utterance with the lowest degree of CD. 2. 7 Sequential organization The sequential context of the utterance.Discourse analysts have sought to explain linguistic choices in terms of ethnographic contexts, knowledge structure, rhetorical organization, communicative intentions, textual organization, information management and sequential organization, among others. Discourse Analysis, Linguistics, and More Discourse analysts research various aspects of language not as an end in itself, but as a means to explore ways in which language forms are shaped by and shape the contexts of their use.Further, discourse analysis draws upon not only linguistics, but also anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, cognitive science, andother disciplines in the humanities and social sciences concerned with human communication.Discourse analysis promotes a view of language which says that 7 Resource Center Saved Recents Uploads My Answers Account Products Home Essays devolve on Answers textbooky About Company Legal Site Map Contact Us Advertise 2016 StudyMode. com HOME ESSAYS linguistics LINGUISTICS Linguistics Applied linguistics, Discourse analysis, Language By maor87 Apr 17, 2015 6489Words 150Views More info PDF View Text View PAGE8 OF 18 language use is not only reflective of other aspects of our lives but is also constitutive of them.As it draws insights from various disciplines, it also contributes to interfacing linguistics with other domains of inquiries, such that we might now investigate the construction of culture through conversation or program computers to generate interactive texts based on our understanding of the rules and dominions of human interacti on. It focusses on language as it is used by real people with real intentions, emotions. 4. Linguistics and pragmatics (16) The Puzzle of Language Use How Do We Ever Understand Each Other? Pragmatics is the study of communication the study of how language is used.This study is based on the assumption of a division between knowledge of language and the way it is used and the goal of pragmatics is providing a set of principles which dictate how knowledge of language and general reasoning interact in the process of language understanding, to give rise to different kinds of personal do which can be achieved in communication. Pragmatics as the Application of Conversational Principles to Sentence Meanings The starting point for studies in pragmatics is the mismatch between what words mean, and what speakers mean by using them.There is the knowledge oflanguage, which dictates the meanings of words and the ways in which they can combine. This is called the encoded meaning. On the other ha nd, there are pragmatic principles which enable a hearer to establish some different exposition the nonencoded part of meaning. Moreover, given the full array of rhetorical effects such as metaphor, irony, etc. , all of which are uses of expressions in context in some sense, the proposed approach maintains a natural separation between literal uses of words, which are reflected in sentence-meanings, and the various non-literal uses to which they may be put.Knowledge of language sentence-meanings as partial specifications of interpretation The problem for this clean view is that we use sensible reasoning, whatever this consists in, not merely in working out why a speaker has state something, but also in establishing what she has said in using the words chosen. The overall picture of interpretation is that grammar-internal principles articulate some(prenominal) syntactic and semantic structure for sentences, a semantic structure for a sentence being an incomplete specification of how it is understood.Pragmatic theory explains how such incomplete specifications are enriched in context to yieldthe full communicative effect of an uttered sentence, whether metaphorical, ironical, and so on. The Process of Reasoning How Do Hearers ever Manage to Choose the Right Interpretation?Grices cooperative principle and the conversational truisms According to Grice who was the trailblazer of the inferential approach to conversation, there is a general assumption underpinning all utterance interpretation that the interpretation of utterances is a collaborative enterprise. This 8collaborative enterprise is structured by a number of maxims, which speakers are presumed to obey The maxim of quality do not say that for which you lack evidence do not say what you believe to be false. The maxim of relevance be relevant. The maxim of quantity make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more so. The maxim of manner be perspicuous (avoid obscurity, avoid ambigui ty, be brief, be orderly).Grice articulated the maxims as a means of simplifying the overall account of the relation between the use of language in logical arguments and the conversational use of language. Relevance theory This theory claims to characterize pragmatic phenomena in terms of a unmarriedcognitive concept, that of relevance, replacing the social underpinnings of Grices cooperative principle.The principle of relevance Optimal relevance is getting the right on balance between size and type of context and amount of information derived. The more information some stimulus yields, the more relevant it is said to become, but the more effort the interpretation of that stimulus requires, the less relevant it will become. And to be minimally relevant a stimulus must lead to at least one non-trivial inference being derived. However interpretation of an act of communication involves two agents thespeaker and the hearer.The constraint of balancing cognitive effect with cognitive effort will also apply to what the hearer does, but here the task of interpretation is more specific because the hearer has to try and recover what the speaker intended to convey. There are two aspects to the task 1 Decoding the information associated with an uttered expression i. e. working out what words have been said and the information that they by definition carry. 2 Making choices which enrich that encoded information to establish what the speaker had intended to convey using those words.Relevance and speech actsOn the speech act view of language, language can best be understood in terms of acts such as these which speakers carry out in using language. The observation by speech act theorists that there is more to language than just describing things is quite an uncontentious. Nonetheless, in relevance theory, where the type of implications that can be drawn is quite unrestricted, there is no need of any special discrete categories for such different kinds of act. 5. Linguist ic typology and its directions (14)1 The Diversity of Human Languages The field of linguistic typology explores the diversity of human language in aneffort to understand it. The staple fibre principle so-and-so typology is that one must look at as wide a range of languages as possible in order to grasp both the diversity of 9language and to discover its limits. Typology uses a fundamentally empirical, comparative, and inductive method in the study of language.That is, typologists examine grammatical data from a wide variety of languages, and infer generalizations about language from that data. The basic discovery of typology is that there are limits to linguistic diversity. By comparing diverse languages and discovering general grammatical patterns, one can attempt to disentangle what isuniversal about the grammars languages from what is peculiar to each undivided language.2 The Nature of Language Universals Word Order One of the first areas of grammar where it was recognized th at there are limits to grammatical diversity was the order of words. Word order is probably the most immediately salient variety in grammatical patterns from one language to the next. First, one must examine a sample of languages in order to infer the range of grammatical diversity and its limits. A variety sample collects as broad a range of languages as possible from different geographical areas and different geneticgroupings.Its purpose is to plug that all possible language types are identified. Second, one must be able to identify phenomena from one language to the next as comparable. The basic problem here is the great variety of grammatical structures used in the worlds languages. The solution to this problem is due to another insight of structuralism the basic unit of the language is the sign, a form that conventionally expresses or encodes a meaning. The basis for cross-linguistic comparison is a particular linguistic meaning once that is identified, we may examine the dif ferent structures used to encode that meaning.Third, we must identify a range of grammatical patterns or types used to express the linguistic meaning being examined, and classify languages according to what type(s) is / are used in them. For instance, in describing word order of the sentence, the relative position of subject (S), object (O), and verb (V) are used to classify language types. Language structure is impelled by factors of language use, such as affect. Language structure is also determined by diachronic relationships among grammatical patterns, which themselves are due to similarity in meaning.However, these factors do not uniquely determine a language structure, butcompete with each other. Speech communities resolve the competing motivations in arbitrary, language-particular ways this leads to the diversity of languages strand in the world. 3 Language Universals and the Formal Encoding of Meaning Word order universals appear to be motivated in terms of processing of linguistic structure in the act of producing and comprehending language. Word order is a fundamental grammatical blank space of sentences.3. 1 Typological tagness and morphological representation 10Some of the earliest work in typology examined the coding of grammatical andlexical concepts in inflected word forms. The universals go under the name of (typological) markedness.Typological markedness represents an unsymmetric pattern of the expression of meaning in grammatical categories across languages. Typological markedness has two central characteristics. First, typological markedness is a holding of conceptual categories e. g. singular and plural form or more precisely, how those conceptual categories are expressed in languages. For number, the singular is unmarked and the plural is marked. Second, unmarked status does not imply that the unmarked member is always unexpendedunexpressed and the marked member is always expressed by an visible morpheme. The presence / absenc e of an overt inflection encoding a conceptual category is only one symptom of markedness, namely structural coding. Typological markedness is found in another aspect of the coding of concepts in words and constructions. Most words in sentences express more than one conceptual category. Pronouns in English, for instance, can express gender as well as number. In English, neither the singular nor plural pronouns express number by a separate inflection instead number is implicitly expressed by distinct forms such as he andthey.The grammatical coding of additional, cross-cutting, distinctions in the singular but not in the plural is an example of the twinkling symptom of markedness, called behavioral potential. Behavioral potential is also represented by an implicational universal If the marked member of a category grammatically expresses a crosscutting distinction, so does the unmarked member. A third property of typological markedness points to its underlying explanation. The unmarke d member is more frequent than the marked member in language use. Concepts that occur more frequently in language use (e. g.singular) will tend to be expressed by fewer morphemes than less frequently occurring concepts (e. g. plural). This explanation for how meaning is encoded in grammatical form is a processing explanation, called economy or economic motivation.3. 2 Hierarchies and conceptual spaces We can describe the cross-linguistic distribution of plural markings across classes of pronouns and nouns with the animacy hierarchy. The hierarchy is a succinct way to capture a chain of implicational universals if any class of words has a plural, then all the classes to the left (or higher) on the hierarchy have a plural. Thesepatterns are defined over a conceptual space.The conceptual space describes a network of relationships among conceptual categories which exist in the human mind and which constrains how conceptual categories are expressed in grammar. Grammatical change must fol low the links in conceptual space. For instance, a plural marking spreads from left to right in the animacy space. Conceptual spaces specify what grammatical category groupings are found in, and how constructions spread (or retreat) over while in their application to grammatical categories.If we compare absence vs. presence of case marking on nouns for the grammatical11 relations hierarchy, we find that absence of case marking occurs at he higher end of the hierarchy, and presence thereof at the lower end of the hierarchy. The grammatical relations hierarchy also defines the distribution of verb agreement across languages.Verb agreement is associated with the higher end of the grammatical relations hierarchy the ability to evocation verb agreement indicates the greater behavioral potential of the grammatical relation. These facts demonstrate that the two grammatical relations hierarchies in fact reflect a deeper cross-linguistic universal pattern, found in many different separate ofthe grammar of languages. 3. 3 Economy and iconicity Economic motivation the more frequently used category is more potential to be reduced in expression or left unexpressed. Iconic motivation the structure of language reflects the structure of concepts. In the example, each conceptual category, both singular and plural, are overtly encoded in the word form. A subtype of iconicity called isomorphism the correspondence between forms and meanings. There are two ways in which isomorphism occur in human languages. The first way is in the correspondence of forms and meanings in the combination of words and inflections in a sentence.This is called syntagmatic isomorphism. Economic and iconic motivation compete to produce the range of authenticated and unattested correspondences between form and meaning. There are 3 predicted patterns. Overt expression is iconically motivated there is a one-to-one correspondence between meanings and forms. However, it is only moderately economically m otivated it is more economical than expressing a meaning with more than one word or morpheme, but less economical than not expressing the meaning at all. Non-expression of a particular meaning, such as the singular of English nouns like car-O (vs.plural book-s), is economically motivated zero expression breaks one-to-one correspondence between forms and meanings.The third possible option, zero marking of both singular and plural, corresponds to the absence of expression of the category. This option is economically motivated either the meaning can be inferred from context, or it is not relevant to the communication. There is another economically motivated pattern of expressing meaning in form the combination or fusion of discrete meanings in a single(a) form. For example, the suffix -s in English run-s indicates 3rd person subject, singularsubject and present tense, all in a single suffix. In other languages, inflectional categories are found in separate suffixes, as in Turkish.The second type of isomorphism is the correspondence between form and meaning in the inventory of words stored in the mind paradigmatic isomorphism. 12The possible means of expression of meanings in words are limited by economy and iconicity. Unmotivated possibility the existence of more than one word with the same meaning, synonymy. It is not iconically motivated. A one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. It isiconic ally motivated but not that economically motivated we would need very many words to express each discrete meaning.Homonymy is economically motivated, but it is not iconically motivated (many un link meanings are expressed by a single form). By far the most common state of affairs in languages, however, is polysemy the grouping of related meanings under a single form. Polysemy is economically motivated because it subsumes several meanings under a single form, as with homonymy. It is iconically motivated, because the meanings are related. 4 The Dyna mic Approach to Language Universals The most common word.