Should Parents Be Allowed To Choose Sex?

Should P bents Be Al number 1ed To Choose en mannikinle?Sex- picking is the attempt to deliver the goods a desire depend onuality by controlling the commoveual practice of the offspring. The extract mass be urbane through pre- and post-im send offtation of an fertilized egg, as vigorous as at consanguinity. Preimplantation Genetic diagnosis (PGD) and Microsort proficiency be two new technological methods used to achieve the conceptusnic kindle activity plectron. Prenatal depend on discernment, a blood bear witness to raise the foetal DNA by and by the seventh week of pregnancy, is performed after implantation. Microsoft technique is the process where the spermatozoan is sorted to increase the chance the lump is fertilized by a sperm which carrying the desired chromo around. A to a greater extent diminutive and accurate, nevertheless in like manner more high-ticket(prenominal) and invasive technique is PGD, a method where the embryos argon created and ana lysed outside the pistillate body or in test tubes before implanted into the fe anthropoids womb. The inherited disorders at the embryonic compass point argon screened using PGD. Unfortunately, many a nonher(prenominal) American clinics offer PGD as a way to prefer their sisters sex by implanting l wholeness any(prenominal)(prenominal) the fertilized eggs of desired grammatical sexual practice into the mothers uterus. Unfortunately, sex plectrum is vicious in approximately part of the world. S constantlyal countries like Canada, Australia and also the United Kingdom all bring forth banned the use of PGD for sex excerpt for non wellness check proposes. In other words, PGD is single thoified if a couple has the family history including any sex-linked divisortic disorder.Sex extract has raised a lot of conside symmetryns whether p bents should allow to choose the sex of their future kidskin or non. Before that, what is the factors do gender selection? Most of the p atomic military issue 18nts atomic number 18 hoping and praying for a mar of a fussy gender. First, Male offspring is desired due to the pagan factors. in that location ar a variety of factors causing males more economically and neighborlyly worthful than females. For example the property inheritance and the family name of the male heirs, and the workforce can hold more to the income of once family.1 Women, on the other hand, require the expensive dowries and leave the family upon marri date which argon unproductive investment. Since in that location be many arguments in gender selection, there also rise up the inclination regarding to the miscarriage or the female infanticide. Although sex-selective infanticide and sex-selective baby abandonment is illegal in most parts of the world, they windlessness exist in some countries. The breeding of ultrasound scanners which can use to adjust the sex of un internal(p) babyren in womb light-emitting diode to the sex-selective terminateion, especially in china and India.2 collectible to the cultural factors and also the single-child indemnity in the 1980s and 1990s, male is the al atomic number 53 child that moderated or governd by most of the families. In 2000, 120 boys were born in both 100 Chinese misss. 3 Similarly in India, the illegal ultrasound scanning and also the sex selective miscarriage of female fetus are widespread.4 The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) survey indicated that there are 112 boys for every 100 girls born in Albania, speckle the figures stand at 110 and 109 boys per 100 girls in Kosovo and Montenegro, respectively.5 Besides, the president of1 Miller, B.D. (1997). The Endangered se Neglect of female children in rural north-central India. Oxford Oxford University Press.2 Greenhalgh, S. (2008). Just whizz child apprehension and polity in Dengs China. University of California Press.3 The Economist (2011, April 7). Add sugar and spice.4 Lakshimi, R. (2013). adopt Sex-selective Practises May Be Common in Families of Indian Doctors. The Washington Post.5 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)the population look play, Steve Mosher also provided some outstanding information on sex-selection spontaneous abortions in the United States through an condition at National Re experience.6 Dr. Sunita Puri who wanted to find the rea word of honor on why many immigrant Indian women in the United States were so eager to hold out the gender of unborn children and went through abortion if they found out it was non the gender they wanted. Surprisingly, 89% of the women conceiving girls wanted for abortion and nearly half had aborted girls before.7 Sex selection has raised a lot of arguments whether parents should allow to choose the gender of their future child. another(prenominal) root job led to the famous gender selection is from the couples with wiz or more position gender of children, in which they has an intensified to aim another gender of the child. There was a look of a Scottish couple, Mr and Mrs Masterton who had four sons and lost their only daughter in an accident. They were preparing to challenge the HFE Authority in judicial review due to its refusal in granting the fertility clinic the licence to select the repair gender on their embryo to suffer a girl.8There are some points and its corresponding argument in whether the parents should allow to choose their future childs gender. First, the incidence of infanticide can be prevent through gender selection. Some of the cultural places unagitated ease up high incidence although that it is important of having at least one of the finical gender of the child. So, we can prevent the trauma and stress of not having a desired gender of the child which might contrive negative cultural connotations. The advance of applied science doesnt enable us to find which gender the child is. Thus, some couples entrust be disappointed, then, they abort it and try to call up again. So, wouldnt it be perfect for the person to choose instead of aborting it until they quarter the right one? Furthermore, the abandon of children is the most common consequence of the gender selection.9 Some of the parents are resulting to throw away their children or hating them because of the undesirable gender. In the past, infanticide was seen the only solution if the infants did not piss the desired gender that the parents want. But, now, with the advanced aesculapian technology, many parents are going to have an ultrasound scan to determine the sex of the baby. As the ultrasound test and abortion became more available, the prune toward more boys than girls accelerated steadily after 1986.10 A former medical director from the countrys largest abortion provider had mentioned that it was common for the women to decide to terminate their pregnancies because of the gender of the baby.11 Besides, the Dr Vincent Argent had a same position and he believ ed that some of the touch felt it is reasonable and had arranged the terminations relating to the gender of the foetus.12 The performance of the abortions for the routine of sex selection is widespread, especially those in South and eastmost Asia like China and India. In India, parents are often willing to pay for an abortion if6 Mosher, S.W. (2011). Sex-selective Abortions Come Home. National Review Online.7 Puri, S., Adams, V., Ivey, S., and Nachtigall, R.D. (2011). There is such a thing as as well many daughters. But not too many sons A qualitative study of son taste and fetal sex selection among Indian immigrants in the United States. Social Science Medicine,72(7) 1169-1176.8 London HFEA, 2003 www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/final_sex_selection_main_report.pdf9 Jha et al. (2006). Low femalecorrected-to-male corrected sex ratio of children born in India study survey of 1.1 million households. Lancet, 367 211-218.10 Lafraniere, S. (2009). Chinese deflect for baby boys creates a chess opening of 32 million. The New York Times.11 Newell, C. and Watt, H. (2012). Sex-selection abortions are widespread. Telegraph.12 Newell, C and Watt, H. (2012). Paragraph 2.it is a girl. Although sex selection test and abortion have been banned for 15 classs in India, the figures still state that there are 750,000 girls are aborted each year.13 From an condition, Harsh truthfulness of Indias unwanted girls, some Indians believe it is much better that a girl is killed before born rather after.14 Although they subsist it is a sin to abort, they still turn themselves as a blind eye to let the growth incidence of gender selection. Well, the counterpoint of this is the population of kind might buy the farm unstablenessd if most people just choose a particular gender. These imbalances are harmful because it will interrupt or distress the gene population. The imbalance is expected to steadily worsen among people of childbearing age over the next two decades and could trigger a sl ew of social problems. If youve got highly sexed juvenility men, there is a concern that they will all yield together and, with high levels of testosterone, there may be a real risk, that they will go out and commit crimes says joint author Therese Hesketh.15 An investigative research published in the British Medical Journal, attributed the imbalance almost completely due to the decision of couples to terminate female fetuses. intimately a million female fetuses are terminated and 10 in thousands of girls are missing.16 Most of the Chinese families in China preferred sons which now increased the rate of female fetus abortion due to the one-child policy. This policy not only increased the abortion rate, but it also led to a gender imbalance. A study has found that there are currently 32 million more boys than girls under the age 20.17 A similar situation is happening in India too.The data shget that 914 girls are aborted in every 1000 boys in India.18 The termination of female f etuses is not occurred because the parents do not want and love their daughters, but due to the social reasons reservation them prefer sons.19Second, the parents should have their own freedom of superior. why shouldnt the parents to decide their own childs gender, presumptuousness that no harm is done to others in their decision? The clause of the Universal contract of Human Rights states that Men and Women of full age have the right to marry and to found a family. 20 With this right, it should understand and upper side the right in making decision on how one family should be built up. Besides, why should a family having a large number of one gender be expropriated of the chance to have a different gender of a child if the technology exists? As the director of the Fertility Institute states these are grown-up people expressing their reproductive choices are really happy when they get what they want. 2113 Prasad, A. (2007). Harsh Reality of Indias unwanted girls. BBC News.14 Pr asad, A (2007). trip 2 Dowry burden.15 Strickland, E. (2009). Sex-selective Abortions in China have produced 32 Million extra boys. The Discover.16 Leung, M. (2011). A structural instance of sex selective abortion the effect of one-child policy on sex ratio imbalance in china. University of Minnesota and Washington University in St Louis, p.1-49.17 Zhu, P.W.X., Lu, P.L., and Hesketh, T. (2009). Chinas excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy from 2005 national intercensus survey. BMJ, 338.18 Lakshimi, R. (2013)19 The Economist. (2011)20 U.N General Assembly. (1948, December 10). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieves from United Nations.21 Stein, R. (2004). A Boy for You, a daughter for Me Technology Allows Choice. The Washington Post.Well, there is the argument where the freedom of choice is important but it should not be conferred at the unconditional love for ones children. check to the Georgetown professor, the sex selection is a threat to t he main value of stemma that usually expressed by the commitment to unconditional love.22 As Harvard professor Michael Sandel notes, consider the father who wants a boy in hopes of having as a son the athlete he had never been. Suppose the son isnt arouse in sports what sorts of expectations will burden a child who has intentional with received purposes in mind? 23 So, the children should be loved whoever they are, not because they are who we wanted. For that reason, parents should be encouraged to love their children equally regardless of gender, and the freedom of choice should not be allowed in this regard.Third, the other argument point regarding to the sex selection should be allowed is with sex-specific, the genetic complaints can be prevented. Some family are carriers of the known sex-specific diseases, it is obviously by gender determination can ensure that the disease will avoid from passing to the next generation or their child. Nearly most of the sex-linked diseases are either more sombre-minded among one gender or more common in one gender. For example, haemophilia, human immunodeficiency virus, colour blindness, and muscular dystrophy are more common to a male suffering from one X chromosome.24 While, the disease of the immune brass is most commonly coined by women.25 Therefore, the Microsoft technique used in sorting the sperm carrying the Y and double X chromosome to determine the gender as well as determine the genetic disorder is carried out. This technique is not harmful to the gentle genes. Statistical data has shown that over 1200 babies have been born using this advance technology.26 On the other hand, 100% truth is not happened for all technology in determining the genetic disease that carries on. Therefore, the medical costs should be considered together with medical benefits. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis involved the embryo development outside the womb and then tried for gender. Only the desired gender is implanted in the womb and how close those are not of the desired gender? All the undesired embryo is destroyed. Over a dozen of embryos or humankind animation has been created with the purpose of destroyed, its also a kind of abortion. The data shown that by using the gender selection technologies, the accuracy rate for choosing a girl is 93% and 82% go to the boys which inevitably most of the selections go for males.27 Thus, most of the couples are so keen to have a child with particular gender and grudging to take the risk of having one of other gender. Although the Microsort technique is harmless to the parents, some scientists like Lord Winston expressed the fear that the technique will damage the sperm and genetic mutation might be more apparent to occur.22 Stein, R (2004). Page 4.23 Stein, R (2004). Page 4.24 Macnair, D.T. (2010). Fragile X syndrome. BBC Health.25 Doe, J. (2000). Immune System Disorders. Time.26 genetic science and IVF Institute. (2008). Microsort. genetic science and IVF Institute.27 Genetics and IVF Institute. (2008).However, one of the points against in sex selection is the pre-selection of sex uses costly medical care for frivolous purposes. The discussion necessary for gender pre-selection was initially formulaed to prevent the disease. But many of the patients using the discussion which is capable of conceiving healthy children. A director from the Genesis Genetics Institute said that 70% of patients would not have needed IVF, in other words healthy and fertile couples are choosing this higher risk, sometimes painful and also expensive treatment when they could conceive a baby naturally.28 But, it still depends on the individuals to put to work decisions whether this treatment is worth or not. There is an evidence from parents who has gone through the treatment. They said that the sex selection of their children was not a frivolous or ridiculous purpose. Sharla Allen replied They are. Theyre totally everything I could ever want but w hy arent having two daughters that will be just as wonderful as they are? when she was take awayed whether her three boys had still not been abounding for her.29 So, no-one is harmed in this treatment thus, it should be the parents choice to have the treatment since they know the risks beforehand. On the other hand, the abortion rate can be reduced with this expensive medical technology. The abortion, especially sex selection, is illegal in most of the country. Its same to India where most of the clinics doing illegal abortion were shut down. However, the truth is that sex-selective abortion is still happening behind the door. Thus, it is difficult to control and its not only restricted to the poor.30 There is an evidence that happened to Pooja who hook up with to a multi-millionaire industrialist and had 10 years old twin girls. When she pregnanted another girl, his husband forced her to abort it even he was fecund and afford to grow another daughter. She claimed that a girl w ould only take money with her to her-in-laws without bringing any riches in.31 Due to the this negative mindset, sex-selective abortion becomes even worse from year to year.Another debate points against the gender selection is the children should not be designed or created to specifications. Children are not pets or toys. So, they are no meant to be designed to let their owner more convenient. Harvard philosopher Michael Sandel argued that it runs the risk of turning procreation and parenting into an character of the consumer society and it is also one step forward in calculating baby.32 The selection of eye colour, hairy ears or hair colour in short will be requested by the parents if the gender selection is allowed. That is only the beginning. This is because we are encouraging the misguided ideas of perfection if we allowing sex selection. Moreover, there has been no justification for supporting such indulgence at public expense. The gap will grow even bigger between poor an d rich people, as the rich designer will want both their design and the appearance of their children to reflect their property or riches. Let say, if a human gene is discovered, would parents be allowed to eliminate embryos containing it? We should follow the idea that we appreciate on everything what we are given. Otherwise, the people will reject their own child more likely when they did not get whatever they want.28 Gajilan, C. (2005). Gender selection a reality, but is it ethical? CNN Health.29 Gajilan, C. (2005).30 Lakshimi, R. (2013)31 Prasad, A. (2007), Part 3 Tolerated Abortion.32 Stein,R (2004). Page 1.In contrast, parents have their own right to choose the gender to build up of their family if the technology is available. This can purify the chances of the child to fit into the dream of their family and they are more likely to get loved. Every individual can choose their own partners, and also have their freedom to choose the time of getting pregnant according to their age, wealth or prosperity.33 Parents sacrifice so much for their children. They invest a colossal mount of their wealth and years of their lives in growing up their children. So, Isnt equitable that in return, they get to choose their child with the gender that they want? This is also an extension of the rights of reproductive field. But, according to the report of Nuffield Council on Bioethnics, an attitude of natural humility, where the parents accept their children is an important feature of parental love. The love the parents owe their children and not dependent on the characteristics of a child.34Besides, it is a wonder or rage process in having a child. So, the childbirth should not interfere with human motives. Some people have an opinion that the time of conceit is resolved by God and do not attempt to play with God. Dr. visage Hughes, who helped in pioneering the procedure, intended it in preventing the disease of the gender, unfortunately, is not a kind of disease wh ich has no illness and no suffering.35 Furthermore, many people view that there is no morally difference between the new technologies and the abortion where a potential life is taken away. In 2011, there are 196,082 abortions in England and wales.36 How many exercises is the consequence of gender selection? The recent watchword or articles published that the illegal abortion on the settings of gender might take place in Britain within immigrant communities by analysing the birth statistics.37 As we know, the termination of pregnancy based on the gender is illegal in the UK. But, the abortions of fetuses up to 24 weeks are allowed if the pregnancy was on ground of physical and caused psychological risk to the mother, or in cases the child was in earnest physically or mentally abnormal.38 According to the recent article by Elena Ralli, there are also evidence shown that the sex-selective abortion is spreading in Europe and the U.S. too.39 If the sex selection is legalized, it will cause the selective abortion became more common and parents will simply kill a human life legally because they want to choose the desired gender of their child. While, there are some arguments stating that the mystery of childbirth is not easy to shatter. Sharla Miller, who go for gender selection, denies the suggestion that it is like playing God. She believed that it is just like every procedure that medical can do for us.40 For example, when the elder child suffers from spina bifida, they fixed it out. Were they playing with God? Moreover, the gender selection is important and helpful for parents to plan their childs future like choosing the clothes, naming etc. The sex selection happened in many countries and cultured by abandonment of unwanted babies or selection abortion. Everyone felt that this is a cruel and terrible waste of human life and also very dangerous for the mother. Obviously, many people strongly purpose the abortion on moral grounds. The development of new tec hnologies in determining the gender in the early stage of pregnancy will by all odds reduce and eventually stop the use of selective abortion.33 Meek, J. (2001). bodge Blues. The Guardian.34 Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Genetics and Human Behaviour (2002). The ethical context, Para13.7835 Leung, R. (2004). Choose the sex of Your Baby. CBS News.36 Harker, R. (2012) Statistics on Abortions. Page 2.37 Mason, R. (2013). The abortion of unwanted girls taking place in the UK. Telegraph.38 HFE Act 1990, order of business 2, para 1ZB.39 Ralli, E. (2013). Alarming rise in abortion of female fetuses in Europe. New Europe Online.40 Leung, R. (2004).After stating the arguments arising in whether the sex selection should be permitted and the most serious effect- abortion because of gender selection. So, what is your opinion on sex-selection? Should the parents be permitted to pre-determine their future childs gender? In my opinion, sex selection should not be permitted to the parents to cho ose the gender of their future child. From my perspectives, gender selection is extremely bad for women. In other words, girls are discriminated by the social. As mentioned above, the cultural preferences for boys led to the male children are more likely to be educated and employed in good jobs which can earn enough income to support a family. Besides, boys are also expected by the families to contribute to the familys well-being and take care of aging parents. Unfortunately, the girls were not only interact as liabilities rather than assets, they also did not have the same treatment in teaching and employment.41 But, these ideas were no longer establish in twenty- offshoot century global culture. We know, of course, that women can also success in education and workplace if there is no sex discrimination and they are given the same opportunities as men. Furthermore, women can be the one to help in raising their families and communities out of poverty. Therefore, we should not offe r the sex-selection services that support false and outdated aristocracy system.Next, again sex-selection is not moderately to women and even to the baby girl. We know, of course, conceiving a baby need man and woman to work together. It is really known that the male plays an important role to determine whether the baby conceive is boy or girl. In other words, man is the one who produces heterogametic sperm which containing either X chromosome or a Y chromosome to decide the gender of their child. Why I argued that it is not fair to women? This is because a huge number of husbands keep blaming his wife for not conceiving a boy. Whats wrong with the women? Women only provide an immotile egg to let sperms (which decide the sex) to fertilise. Unfortunately, many husbands still pertain this responsibility to women and give public press to their wife. The reason why the women felt that they were unable to save their daughter because many women became the victims of family violence w hen they were carrying girls. Some had been slapped, bumped and shoved around by aggressive husbands and in-laws, or even kicked in the stomach in an perspiration to let them miscarry.42 While, some denied food and water in order to compel them to abort their unwanted girl babies.43 Most women, who come to the fertility clinic to ask for help in conceiving a boy, are likely under pressure from her husband or her husbands families to avoid from any mishap happened to them. It is not fair to let a woman to undertake this heavy responsibility. Although the reproductive technology today is able to help women free from coercion or pressure, it is truly bringing to the severe problem later on. It will turn to the dogging controversial if gender selection services are allowed. After destiny in relieving the pressure of women from their husband, it comes to other problems where the imbalance sex population occurs. Due to this imbalance population, again more and more problems happened .41 Pande, R., and Malbotra, A. (2006). Son preference and daughter neglect in India What happened to living girls? Washington, D.C. International Center for Research on Women.42 Raj et al. (2011). Abuse from in-laws during pregnancy and post-patrum qualitative and quantitative findings from low=icome mothers of Infants in Mumbai, India. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(6)700-712.43 Puri et al. (2011). Pg. 1174If gender selection is permitted, it will bring to the social and economic consequences. Although not every family prefers son over daughter, but it sure will lead to the imbalance of population. For example, the one-child policy which has a limitation on the number of children in each couple, causing the couples with strong son preference.44 Consequently, the shortage of women in China has disastrous and serious social effect. . For example, in China and India, many young men are unable to find a partner, resulting in the rising of sexual violence, prostitution, grab an d forced conglutination.45, 46 In addition, due to the selfishness of the parents to have a male heir and abort the girl fetuses, it may increase the mental health problems and severely abnormal social behaviour among men as well as leaving some men unable to get married and having their own family.47 The sex-selection problem might lead to the marriage squeeze problem which is happening now in China. This problem has commonly happened between the uninformed male in rural area. A study indicated that 15% of unlettered men at age 40 were still single, whereas there are only 0.5% among those were university-educated men in the early 1980s.48 The percentage keeps increasing from year to year. The Chinese officials predict that after 2030 some 30 million young men will be unable to find a marriage age.49 Besides, the sex-ratio imbalance in one country not only increases the crime, but also the number of sex workers with HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. There is evidence that young single men with HIV positive are more likely to pay for sex.50 There are many negative consequences of sex selection which we can clearly know from some of the country like China and India. So, should the gender selection permitted because of ones individuation?Moreover, gender selection reinforces in oppressing and false gender roles. This problem is most probably happened to the population which utilizes gender selection technology after having one or more same gender of children. An evidence from the Slate article How to misdirect a Daughter, profiled a woman named Megan Simpson who was grown up in a family of four sisters and like to sew, bake, make up and so on and she wished to share these interests with her girl who can dress in pink. 51 The problem, of course not every little girl like sewing, baking or even dressing up in pink. Thats same go to the boys, not every little boy like sports, blue colour shirt. So, the family relationship between the gen der of children and their preferences is unpredictable, changeable and not exactly like what we think. Why we need to have a thought that which things are suitable for girls and which one is for boys? Is that good to allow parents to engineer their children based on their interests or the purpose of achieving the cultural norms? The sex-selection should not be allowed due to this reason. The child will be the one to suffer if their interests are entirely opposite with their parents wish or cultural norms. In this situation, obviously either the child or the parents will disappoint with each other.44 Leung, M. (2011). Pg 12.45 Christakis, E. (2013). Rape in India A Result of Sec Selection? Time.46 Dagar, R. (2001). Life enhancing mechanisms, life depriving outcomes case of female foeticide. Chandigard Institute for Development and Communication.47 Leung, M. (2011). Pg 12.48 Wang, F. (2005). Asia Pacific Issues. East West Centre.49 Vermeer, E.B. (2006). Demographic Dimensions of China s Development, Population and Development Review, 32 115-144.50 South, S.J., and Trent, K. (2010). Imbalanced Sex Ratios, Mens Sexual Behaviour, and Risk of Sexually Transmitted contagious disease in China. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 51 (4) 376-390.51 Sidhu, J. (2012). How to Buy a Daughter. Slate.In conclusion, so far we have discussed the use of sex selection in a reproductive field, where it is practiced for the purpose of preventing contagious sex-linked disorders. We see no reason why, if a method to determine the sex of a child before fertilization is developed, this technology should not offer to a couple who have good medical reasons and designedly want to choose the gender of their child. But, if an easy and efficient technique of ensuring the conception of the particular sex of the child became available, some couples would obviously hope to make use of it for the purpose of social reasons.51 Such decision will affect the family and the children involved an d somehow would bring the implications to society. It is actually hard to predict, either in the short or long term, this practice effect on the ratio of the males to females within society. Studies have shown that the majority of couples would choose the boy as their first child. If this happened, it again raises the controversy where there is considerable evidence that the first child may enjoy more advantages over the younger siblings. Since there are difficult to predict the outcome of any such practice, we have not found it possible to amend the laws and regulation in the sex selection.52 Cmnd 9314, London HMSO, 1984.